Gambling Disorder
Gambling is an activity in which people place real or imagined value on an event that is largely dependent on chance. It is a widespread activity and has existed in virtually all cultures throughout history. While gambling may evoke a wide array of human emotions, it has also been associated with a variety of negative consequences. Gambling addiction can be a serious problem and may result in significant social, emotional, and financial losses. However, most people engage in some form of gambling without suffering from an addiction. While gambling addiction is not as common as substance abuse or dependence, it is still an important public health concern.
While most individuals engage in gambling as an enjoyable social activity, a small subset of gamblers become seriously involved and continue to gamble even though the activity has negative personal, family, and financial consequences. The occurrence of such an addiction is referred to as gambling disorder, which is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a behavioral condition. In order for a person to be diagnosed with gambling disorder, he or she must meet certain criteria.
Most forms of gambling involve the risking of something of value in the hope of winning a prize or money. Historically, people have placed wagers on a variety of things including horses, cards, dice, and sports events. Currently, most states and countries regulate some form of gambling and many prohibit minors from participating in these activities. While regulated gambling offers legitimate opportunities for many people, it is important to recognize the signs of addiction in order to seek help when necessary.
A person who is addicted to gambling may experience a variety of symptoms, including compulsive behavior and the inability to stop gambling. These signs can lead to problems with work, school, or relationships. In addition, a person may become more impulsive and less likely to think rationally. The risk of addiction to gambling is particularly high for teens.
In addition to a range of behavioral issues, some individuals have genetic tendencies toward addiction. Some people are predisposed to gambling problems because of a history of traumatic experiences, such as sexual abuse or physical or emotional neglect. Some people have antisocial personality traits and are impulsive, which can be compounded by stressors that trigger gambling behaviors.
A growing body of evidence suggests that brain changes occur as a result of gambling disorders. For example, those who have gambling disorder have smaller volumes in the amygdala and hippocampus, which are associated with learning and emotional regulation. Identifying pathways that lead to gambling disorder can help clinicians target therapies for specific patients. These include cognitive behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and group and individual counseling. Medications can also be used to treat co-occurring conditions, such as depression or anxiety. These treatments can also reduce the urge to gamble and improve functioning. However, it is important to remember that no medication treats the underlying addiction.